Features of modern methods and technologies for measuring body temperature
Medical Review (Med. pregled), 2025, 61(5), 29-40.
G. Petrov1, V. Vasilev2, P. Mihova3, V. Belcheva3, A. Seizov4, M. Draganova4
1 Department of Telecommunications, NBU – Sofia
2 Faculty of Automation, Technical University of Sofia
3 Department of Health Care and Social Work, NBU – Sofia
4 Department of Healthcare Management, Medical Ethics and Information Technologies, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University – Pleven
Abstract. Human body temperature measurement (thermometry) is a fundamental component of medical diagnostics, industrial safety, and sports science. Thermometric technologies have evolved significantly – from traditional mercury thermometers to modern non-contact infrared devices and wearable sensors. The integration of temperature sensors with biometric systems – such as heart rate monitors, blood oxygen and glucose sensors, and wearable electrocardiographic devices – enables a more comprehensive approach to health monitoring, early diagnosis, and chronic disease management. This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of contemporary human temperature measurement methods, evaluating their accuracy, reliability, and applicability across various healthcare and industrial settings. It also reviews key standardized formats for medical data and regulatory requirements that ensure measurement accuracy, safety, and interoperability. Persistent challenges include environmental influences, the need for calibration, and the balance between convenience and medical-grade precision. Finally, the paper outlines emerging trends such as AI-based diagnostics, bio-integrated sensors, and intelligent healthcare ecosystems, which promise to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of temperature monitoring – supporting the advancement of personalized and preventive healthcare.
Key words: body temperature, thermometry, temperature sensors, wearable devices, medical device standards
Address for correspondence: Assoc. Prof. Polina Michova, e-mail: pmihova@nbu.bg, ORCID 0000-0002-9584-3515