Dry eye disease: evolution of therapeutic strategies over the past decade

Information for nursing staff, 2026, 58(1), 45-50.

Ts. Mihova¹, N. Andreeva²

¹Training Sector of Medical Optics, Medical College – Varna
²Second-year student, Medicine Program, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov” – Varna

Abstract. Dry eye syndrome is a common, multifactorial condition affecting a significant portion of the European population. The aim of this study is to provide a ten-year retrospective analysis of therapeutic approaches to this syndrome in Europe. A systematic review was conducted, covering scientific publications, clinical guidelines, and expert opinions from the period 2013-2024. The results indicate substantial progress in treatment strategies. Modern lubricants are preservative-free and enriched with hyaluronic acid, lipids, and osmoprotectants. Cyclosporine A (0.1%) has been established as a standard anti-inflammatory therapy. Biological agents such as autologous serum and platelet-rich plasma are used in severe cases, while nanotechnology improves the effectiveness of pharmaceutical formulations. Non-pharmacological measures include humidification devices and lid hygiene. Increased screen time is associated with a growing incidence of “digital dry eye,” particularly among younger patients. In conclusion, the management of dry eye syndrome in Europe has evolved into an individualized, pathophysiology-driven, and multimodal approach that addresses contemporary technological and behavioral challenges.

Key words: dry eye syndrome, artificial tears, autologous serum, digital eye strain, therapeutic evolution

Address for correspondence: Tsvetelina Mihova, e-mail: Tsvetelina.Mihova@mu-varna.bg