Secondary hyperparathyroidism in everyday clinical practice. Part I: etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, clinical manifestation and diagnosis

General Medicine, 2025, 27(4), 61-67.

Y. Vlahov

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia University “Sv. Kl. Ohridski”

Abstract. Secondary hyperparathyroidism represents adaptive increase in parathormone levels in response to natural stimuli – low blood calcium or active vitamin D levels or high phosphate levels. This review is focused on the current knowledge on etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology and clinical manifestations in these patients.

Key words: secondary hyperparathyroidism, calcemia, phosphatemia, vitamin D, FGF23

Address for correspondence: Yordan Vlahov, MD, e-mail: jordanvlahov@gmail.com